Opioids are a class of drugs that include natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic substances used primarily to relieve pain. They work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain, spinal cord, and other areas of the body, which helps block pain signals and can also produce feelings of euphoria
. Types of opioids:
- Natural opioids (opiates): Derived directly from the opium poppy plant, including morphine, codeine, opium, and thebaine
- Semi-synthetic opioids: Made by chemically modifying natural opioids, examples include heroin, oxycodone, hydrocodone, and oxymorphone
- Synthetic opioids: Entirely lab-made with no natural ingredients, such as fentanyl, which is extremely potent and can be deadly even in small doses
Uses:
Opioids are prescribed for managing moderate to severe pain, such as after
surgery, injury, or in chronic conditions like cancer. They can also be used
to treat cough or diarrhea in some cases
. Risks:
Opioids are addictive and can lead to opioid use disorder (addiction). Misuse
or combining opioids with other substances increases the risk of overdose and
death. Illicit opioids like heroin and illegally manufactured fentanyl
contribute significantly to overdose crises
. Examples of opioids:
- Prescription: oxycodone, hydrocodone, morphine, codeine, fentanyl, methadone, tramadol, buprenorphine.
- Illegal: heroin
In summary, opioids are powerful pain-relieving drugs that act on the nervous system but carry significant risks of addiction and overdose, especially when misused or obtained illegally
