when were toilets invented

Toilets in a rudimentary form date back about 5,000 years to ancient Mesopotamia, where simple pit-style toilets with ceramic tubes were used to manage waste. More complex toilets appeared around 1700 BC in Minoan Crete, with early evidence of water being used to carry away waste. The Romans further advanced toilets with centralized plumbing systems around 315 AD. The first modern flush toilet was invented in 1596 by Sir John Harington, a godson of Queen Elizabeth I. However, his invention did not gain widespread acceptance. It was not until 1775 that Scottish inventor Alexander Cumming patented the first flush toilet design that included the S-bend pipe to prevent odors. Flush toilets began to become more common in Europe in the late 19th century and were popularized through improvements by figures like Thomas Crapper during that period.