when do hummingbirds migrate south

Hummingbirds generally begin their southward migration as early as late July, with most crossing the southern U.S. border by late October. Their fall migration timing depends on the species and location, but typically occurs from August through October. For example, Ruby-throated Hummingbirds complete their fall migration by October, gathering along the Gulf Coast and moving south to Mexico, Central America, or as far as northern Panama for the winter. Migration is triggered by changes in daylight, cooling weather, and diminishing food sources like nectar and insects. These small birds travel solo during migration and refuel frequently to sustain their energy for the long journey.