Babies can start having whole cow's milk as a main drink after they turn 12 months (1 year) old. Before 12 months, breast milk or properly prepared infant formula should be their primary source of milk. Cow's milk is not recommended for babies under 1 year because it does not provide the necessary nutrients in the correct balance, is low in iron, and can even lead to gastrointestinal issues or iron deficiency anemia. At around 12 months, you can start weaning your baby off breast milk or formula and gradually introduce whole cow's milk, preferably fortified with vitamin D. For children under 2 years old, whole milk is recommended for healthy brain development due to its fat content. It is advised to replace feedings gradually, starting with a small amount in a sippy cup, and to avoid giving low-fat or nonfat milk to toddlers under 2 years old. While some new WHO guidance suggests formula-fed babies can switch to cow's milk from 6 months, the general pediatric consensus and many health organizations still recommend waiting until 12 months for introducing cow’s milk as a drink. Cow's milk can be used in cooking or mixed with food from around 6 months but should not be the main drink until 12 months. In summary:
- Up to 6 months: exclusive breastfeeding or formula
- 6 to 12 months: breast milk or formula plus introduction of pureed foods (cow's milk can be used in cooking or mixed with food, but not as a main drink)
- After 12 months: whole cow's milk can be introduced gradually as the main milk drink alongside solid foods
- Continue whole milk until age 2, then consider lower-fat milk options if recommended by a pediatrician
This is supported by expert sources including the American Academy of Pediatrics, WebMD, Cleveland Clinic, and others.
