The rule of law is a fundamental principle of governance where all persons, institutions, and entities, including the government itself, are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced, and independently adjudicated. It ensures that laws are clear, stable, just, and applied evenly, protecting human rights and providing accessible and impartial justice
. Key universal principles of the rule of law include:
- Accountability: Both government officials and private actors are subject to the law
- Just Law: Laws must be clear, publicized, stable, and applied equally, safeguarding rights such as human, property, and contractual rights
- Open Government: Legal processes must be accessible, fair, and efficient
- Accessible and Impartial Justice: Justice should be timely, delivered by competent and independent authorities who reflect the community they serve
The concept means "no one is above the law," emphasizing equality before the law and preventing arbitrary use of power
. It also requires laws to be prospective (not retroactive), consistent, and publicly known
. The rule of law contrasts with arbitrary rule by individuals or groups, promoting legal certainty and fairness
. Prominent legal scholars like A.V. Dicey and Joseph Raz have contributed to its formalist and substantive definitions, highlighting procedural fairness and substantive rights as essential components
. In summary, the rule of law is a durable system ensuring that laws govern society rather than arbitrary decisions, guaranteeing fairness, accountability, and justice for all
