A switch in a computer network is a hardware device that connects multiple devices, such as computers, printers, and servers, within a local area network (LAN) to enable communication between them. It operates mainly at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model by using MAC (Media Access Control) addresses to forward data packets only to the device for which the data is intended, rather than broadcasting to all devices like a hub does
. The switch receives incoming data packets on one port and then directs them to the appropriate port connected to the destination device, effectively managing the flow of data and reducing network congestion. This selective forwarding increases network efficiency and security by limiting unnecessary data traffic
. Some switches, known as multilayer or Layer 3 switches, can also perform routing functions by operating at the network layer, allowing for more advanced traffic management between different networks
. Switches are essential components in modern networks, providing full-duplex communication, connecting various devices including IoT devices, and supporting technologies like Power over Ethernet (PoE) to supply power to connected devices such as IP cameras or phones
. In summary, a network switch acts like a traffic controller that ensures data packets reach their correct destination within a network, enabling efficient and secure communication among connected devices
