Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease in which the immune system overreacts, causing groups of cells to form clusters of inflamed tissue called "granulomas" in one or more organs of the body. These granulomas can form in any part of the body, but most commonly affect the lungs and lymph nodes. The exact cause of sarcoidosis is unknown, but it is thought to be a combination of genetics and environmental factors. Some research suggests that infectious agents, chemicals, dust, and a potential abnormal reaction to the bodys own proteins could be responsible for the formation of granulomas in people who are genetically predisposed.
Symptoms of sarcoidosis vary depending on which organs are affected by the disease as well as its severity. Common symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, tender skin nodules, and swollen lymph nodes. Inflammation can affect almost any part of the eye and may cause damage to the retina, which can eventually cause blindness. Rarely, sarcoidosis also can cause cataracts and glaucoma. Sarcoidosis can affect how the body handles calcium, which can lead to kidney stones and reduce kidney function. Rarely, this can lead to kidney failure. Cardiac sarcoidosis results in granulomas in the heart that can disrupt heart function.
Treatment for sarcoidosis is usually to manage symptoms and prevent organ damage. Since granulomas are areas of inflammation caused by immune cells, sarcoidosis is usually treated with medications that modify or suppress the immune system. About two-thirds of people diagnosed with sarcoidosis will eventually be disease-free (sarcoidosis will go into remission) in two to three years. Löfgren syndrome has a particularly good prognosis, with most cases resolving in six months to two years.
