Metformin is a widely used oral medication primarily prescribed to treat type 2 diabetes. It helps control high blood sugar levels by improving the body's response to insulin, thereby improving blood sugar control in combination with diet and exercise. It works by reducing glucose production in the liver, decreasing glucose absorption in the intestines, and increasing insulin sensitivity in body tissues. Metformin is considered the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes, especially in people who are overweight. Besides diabetes, it is also used to treat gestational diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), where it helps lower insulin and blood sugar levels, improving symptoms such as irregular menstrual cycles and infertility. This medication is generally well tolerated but can cause side effects like diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain. There is a rare risk of lactic acidosis, a serious condition that requires emergency care. Metformin does not cause weight gain and may even aid in modest weight loss. It is typically taken with meals to reduce side effects. Metformin has been used medically since it was first approved in Europe in the 1950s and the US in 1994. It is available under brand names such as Glucophage, Fortamet, and Glumetza, and remains one of the most commonly prescribed drugs worldwide for diabetes management. In addition to its established uses, research is ongoing into potential benefits of metformin for anti-aging, cancer prevention, and cardiovascular protection, although these uses are not yet confirmed or approved. In summary:
- Treats type 2 diabetes by lowering blood glucose levels
- Used for gestational diabetes and PCOS
- Improves insulin sensitivity and reduces glucose production
- Generally safe with some common gastrointestinal side effects
- Does not cause weight gain
- Available globally since the mid-20th century
This medication plays a critical role in managing diabetes and preventing complications such as kidney damage, nerve issues, blindness, and cardiovascular diseases associated with uncontrolled blood sugar.
