what is freedom of expression?

Freedom of expression is the right of every individual to seek, receive, and share information, ideas, and opinions freely through any medium such as conversation, media, art, or writing. It is a fundamental human right recognized globally, notably in Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. This right includes expressing ideas that might be offensive to others, and it applies universally without discrimination based on race, religion, nationality, or other status. Freedom of expression allows people to participate in political, social, and artistic life, question and critic governments, and contribute to public knowledge and understanding. It is considered foundational because it supports the exercise and protection of other human rights and freedoms. However, this right is not absolute; it can be limited under specific conditions, such as for protecting national security, public order, the rights of others, or public morals. In essence, freedom of expression is about the liberty to hold opinions and express them openly without fear of retaliation, censorship, or legal sanction, fostering dialogue and progress in society. Restrictions must be lawful, necessary, and proportionate to protect legitimate interests and should not be used to shield governments from criticism or to suppress dissenting voices. This right is vital for democracy, accountability, creativity, and the free exchange of ideas and information. It encompasses various forms of expression, including peaceful protests, artistic creation, journalism, and social media communication. In summary, freedom of expression is the essential human right to communicate one's thoughts and opinions freely, balanced by responsibilities to respect the rights and safety of others.