Attachment theory is a psychological and evolutionary framework that explains the emotional bonds and relationships between humans, especially the early bonds formed between infants and their primary caregivers. Developed by John Bowlby, it posits that infants have an innate need to form close attachments with caregivers to ensure survival and healthy social and emotional development
. Key points of attachment theory include:
- Infants seek proximity to attachment figures, particularly in stressful or threatening situations, to gain comfort and security
- Secure attachments form when caregivers are consistently responsive and sensitive to the infant's needs, providing a "secure base" from which the child can explore the world
- These early attachment experiences shape internal working models-mental representations of relationships-that influence future social and emotional behavior
- Attachment behaviors, such as seeking closeness when distressed, are adaptive and have evolved to enhance survival by keeping vulnerable infants close to protective caregivers
- Mary Ainsworth expanded the theory by identifying different attachment styles in children-secure, avoidant, anxious, and disorganized-based on caregiver responsiveness
Attachment theory also extends beyond childhood, influencing adult relationships and emotional regulation throughout life
. In summary, attachment theory explains how early emotional bonds with caregivers form the foundation for lifelong patterns of relating to others, emphasizing the importance of caregiver availability and sensitivity in fostering secure attachments that promote psychological well-being
