Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation and sores (ulcers) in the inner lining of the colon (large intestine) and rectum. It is characterized by symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea mixed with blood, urgency to defecate, weight loss, fatigue, and sometimes fever and anemia
. The inflammation typically begins in the rectum and can spread continuously through part or all of the colon. UC affects only the innermost lining of the colon, causing swelling and ulcers, which can bleed and produce pus
. The exact cause of UC is unknown, but it is believed to involve an overactive immune response where the immune system mistakenly attacks the colon lining. Genetic factors, environmental triggers, and changes in gut bacteria may also play a role
. UC usually presents in people aged 15-30 or over 60 and can range from mild to severe. Symptoms often occur in flare-ups with periods of remission in between. Complications may include colon dilation (megacolon), inflammation of other organs (eyes, joints, liver), and increased risk of colon cancer
. Diagnosis is typically made by colonoscopy with tissue biopsy. Treatment aims to control inflammation and maintain remission, using medications such as aminosalicylates, steroids, immunosuppressants, and biologics. In severe or unresponsive cases, surgery to remove the colon may be necessary, which can cure the disease
. In summary, ulcerative colitis is a lifelong inflammatory condition of the colon causing ulcers and symptoms like bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain, managed by medication and sometimes surgery
