Vaginal dryness is primarily caused by a decrease in estrogen levels, the hormone responsible for maintaining vaginal lubrication, tissue elasticity, and thickness. This decrease can occur due to several reasons, including:
- Menopause and the hormonal changes associated with it
- Breastfeeding and childbirth
- Use of contraceptive pills or certain medications such as antidepressants, antihistamines, and cancer treatments like chemotherapy or radiation
- Surgical removal of the ovaries (oophorectomy) or uterus (hysterectomy)
- Cancer treatments
- Certain medical conditions such as diabetes, Sjögren's syndrome (an autoimmune disorder), or immune system disorders
- Lack of sexual arousal
- Use of perfumed soaps, washes, or douches around the vaginal area
- Stress, anxiety, and excessive physical exercise
- Smoking and depression
Vaginal dryness can cause symptoms like soreness, itching, pain or discomfort during sex, increased urination frequency, and repeated urinary tract infections. In short, changes in hormone levels—especially estrogen—are the main cause, but lifestyle factors, medications, and underlying health conditions can also contribute to vaginal dryness. If dryness persists or causes discomfort during intercourse, medical advice should be sought, as treatments such as lubricants, moisturizers, and hormonal therapies are available to help manage the condition.
