Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women are primarily caused by bacteria, most commonly Escherichia coli (E. coli), which normally live in the bowel. These bacteria enter the urinary tract through the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body, and then multiply in the bladder, causing infection
. Several factors increase the risk of UTIs in women:
- Female anatomy: Women have a shorter urethra than men, which means bacteria have a shorter distance to travel to reach the bladder. Additionally, the urethral opening is close to the anus and vagina, making it easier for bacteria from these areas to enter the urinary tract
- Sexual activity: Sexual intercourse can introduce bacteria into the urethra. Having a new sexual partner or frequent sexual activity increases UTI risk
- Birth control methods: Use of diaphragms and spermicidal agents can increase the risk by irritating the skin or altering vaginal flora, making it easier for bacteria to invade
- Menopause: After menopause, decreased estrogen levels cause changes in the urinary tract lining, increasing susceptibility to infection
Other contributing factors include not drinking enough fluids, holding urine for long periods, urinary tract abnormalities or blockages (such as kidney stones), suppressed immune system (e.g., diabetes), and use of catheters
. In summary, UTIs in women result from bacteria, mainly E. coli, entering the urinary tract due to anatomical and behavioral factors that facilitate bacterial access and growth in the bladder
