The exact cause of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. Some key causes and contributing factors include:
- Insulin resistance: Many women with PCOS have cells that resist the action of insulin, leading to higher insulin levels in the blood. Excess insulin may cause the ovaries to produce too much androgen (male hormone), which interferes with ovulation and contributes to symptoms like excess hair growth and acne.
- Hormonal imbalance: Women with PCOS often have elevated levels of androgens, luteinizing hormone (LH), and sometimes prolactin, along with lower levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). This disrupts the normal menstrual cycle and ovulation.
- Genetics: PCOS tends to run in families, suggesting a hereditary component. Multiple genes may be involved, and genetic variants can influence the severity and type of symptoms.
- Low-grade inflammation: Chronic, low-level inflammation might stimulate the ovaries to produce androgens.
- Obesity: Being overweight can worsen insulin resistance and androgen levels, making PCOS symptoms more severe.
- Environmental and epigenetic factors: Exposure to certain hormones or chemicals in the womb and early life may increase the risk for PCOS.
In summary, PCOS results from a complex interplay of insulin resistance, hormonal imbalances, genetic predisposition, inflammation, and lifestyle/environmental factors.
