Loss of appetite can be caused by a wide range of factors, including physical, psychological, and medical conditions. Common causes include:
- Infections: Viral or bacterial infections such as the flu, colds, gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections, and HIV can reduce appetite as part of the body's immune response
- Medical conditions: Chronic illnesses like cancer, diabetes, hypothyroidism, heart disease, chronic liver or kidney disease, COPD, dementia, and digestive disorders (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn’s disease) can cause loss of appetite due to the disease process or symptoms such as pain and digestive upset
- Medications and treatments: Many medications, including antibiotics, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, sedatives, painkillers (opioids), and some antidepressants, can cause appetite loss as a side effect. Surgery and anesthesia may also temporarily reduce appetite
- Psychological factors: Emotional states such as stress, anxiety, depression, grief, and other mental health issues often lead to decreased appetite
- Other causes: Pregnancy (especially the first trimester), substance use (e.g., alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines), aging, and problems affecting the senses or mouth (e.g., sores, dental issues) can also contribute to appetite loss
In many cases, appetite returns once the underlying cause is treated or resolved. However, persistent loss of appetite may require medical evaluation to identify and manage underlying health issues
