There are several different models of communication, generally categorized into three main types: linear, interactive, and transactional. Each type explains how communication occurs and the roles of the sender, receiver, and feedback in the process.
1. Linear Communication Models
- These models describe communication as a one-way process where a sender transmits a message to a receiver without expecting immediate feedback.
- Common examples include:
- Aristotle’s Model
- Lasswell’s Model
- Shannon-Weaver Model
- Berlo’s SMCR Model (Source, Message, Channel, Receiver)
- Used often in mass communication like TV broadcasts or public speeches
2. Interactive Communication Models
- These models view communication as a two-way process, where feedback from the receiver is an essential element.
- They emphasize mutual understanding and relational dynamics, recognizing that communication shapes and is shaped by the relationship between participants.
- Examples include:
- Osgood and Schramm’s Circular Model (communication as a circular, reciprocal process)
- Interactive Model by Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson (focus on content and relational dimensions of communication)
- Feedback and shared experiences influence message interpretation
3. Transactional Communication Models
- These models see communication as a complex, continuous, and simultaneous process where all parties are both senders and receivers.
- They incorporate context, individual experiences, and social norms.
- Examples include:
- Barnlund’s Transactional Model (multi-layered communication with verbal and non-verbal cues, influenced by public, private, and behavioral cues)
- Dance’s Helical Model (communication as an evolving spiral, building on past interactions)
- Emphasizes ongoing interaction and the dynamic nature of communication
Summary Table
Model Type| Description| Key Features| Examples
---|---|---|---
Linear| One-way communication| No feedback, sender to receiver| Aristotle’s,
Shannon-Weaver, Berlo’s SMCR
Interactive| Two-way communication with feedback| Feedback, shared context,
relational dynamics| Osgood-Schramm, Watzlawick et al.
Transactional| Simultaneous sending and receiving| Continuous, context-
dependent, multi-layered| Barnlund’s, Dance’s Helical
Understanding these models helps analyze communication processes in personal, professional, and mass communication settings, highlighting the complexity and evolving nature of human interaction
