Semiconductors are materials whose electrical conductivity lies between that of conductors (like metals) and insulators (like ceramics or rubber). This intermediate conductivity can be modified or controlled, making semiconductors essential for electronic devices
Key Characteristics of Semiconductors
- They can conduct electricity under certain conditions and block it under others, depending on factors like voltage, current, or light exposure
- Their conductivity is typically altered by adding impurities, a process called doping. This creates two types:
- N-type semiconductors, doped with elements that add extra electrons (negative charge carriers).
- P-type semiconductors, doped with elements that create "holes" or positive charge carriers
- Combining N-type and P-type semiconductors forms junctions that control electrical flow, fundamental to devices like diodes and transistors
Materials and Usage
- Common semiconductor materials include silicon (the most widely used), germanium, gallium arsenide, and others
- Semiconductors form the basis of integrated circuits (ICs), transistors, diodes, and many other electronic components
- They are the foundation of modern technology, powering everything from computers and smartphones to solar panels, electric cars, and medical devices
Importance
- Semiconductors enable the miniaturization, efficiency, and functionality of electronic systems.
- They are critical to the global economy and technological advancement, with advanced semiconductor fabrication requiring highly specialized facilities
- Supply chain disruptions of semiconductors can have widespread impacts on industries like automotive, healthcare, and consumer electronics
In summary, semiconductors are materials with controllable electrical conductivity that serve as the fundamental building blocks of modern electronics and technology
