the internet was originally developed by whom?

The internet was originally developed through the collaborative efforts of multiple scientists and engineers over several decades. The foundational concept began with J.C.R. Licklider in 1962, who envisioned an “intergalactic network” of interconnected computers. This vision was pursued further by Robert Taylor and Lawrence Roberts at ARPA in the mid-1960s, leading to the creation of ARPANET, the first experimental computer network. Key technological breakthroughs included the development of packet switching, a method of breaking data into smaller packets for efficient transmission, proposed independently by Paul Baran and Donald Davies. Leonard Kleinrock provided the theoretical groundwork for packet switching and helped send the first message over ARPANET in 1969. The crucial protocols that allow different networks to communicate, TCP/IP, were developed by Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn in the 1970s. Their work enabled the interconnection of multiple networks into what became known as the internet, officially adopting TCP/IP on January 1, 1983, marking the internet's "birthday." Later, in 1989, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, which made the internet accessible and usable for the general public by creating systems like HTML, URLs, and HTTP, and the first web browser. While Berners-Lee did not invent the internet itself, his contributions were critical to the internet as we know it today. In summary, the internet was developed by a group of pioneers including J.C.R. Licklider, Paul Baran, Donald Davies, Leonard Kleinrock, Vinton Cerf, Robert Kahn, and Tim Berners-Lee, among others