Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) symptoms can vary among individuals but commonly include:
- Irregular, heavy, long, intermittent, unpredictable, or absent menstrual periods
- Infertility or difficulty getting pregnant due to irregular or no ovulation
- Excessive hair on the face, chest, back, or body (hirsutism)
- Acne or oily skin that may be severe or persistent
- Male-pattern baldness or hair thinning on the scalp
- Weight gain, especially around the belly area
- Patches of thickened, dark, velvety skin (acanthosis nigricans)
- Skin tags
- Psychological effects such as anxiety, depression, and challenges with body image
PCOS symptoms usually become apparent in the late teens or early twenties but can develop later. The condition often involves hormone imbalances including elevated androgens (male hormones) and insulin resistance. Women with PCOS may also have enlarged ovaries containing many immature follicles but not all women with polycystic ovaries have PCOS. Due to the variability of symptoms, diagnosis usually requires at least two of the following:
- Signs of high androgen levels (excess hair growth, acne, hair thinning)
- Irregular or absent menstrual periods
- Polycystic ovaries visible on ultrasound
PCOS is linked to increased risks of other health issues like type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, and endometrial cancer. Many women with PCOS can conceive, though fertility problems are common.