Botox works by blocking the nerve signals that cause muscles to contract. Specifically, it prevents the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, which is the point where nerve endings meet muscle cells. Without acetylcholine, the muscle cannot receive the signal to contract, leading to temporary muscle paralysis or relaxation
. The mechanism involves the botulinum toxin binding to nerve terminals and entering the nerve cells. Inside, it cleaves SNARE proteins (such as SNAP-25), which are essential for the fusion of neurotransmitter-containing vesicles with the nerve cell membrane. This cleavage stops the release of acetylcholine, thereby blocking nerve communication to muscles
. In cosmetic use, Botox injections relax facial muscles that cause wrinkles, such as frown lines and crow's feet, resulting in a smoother appearance. The effects are temporary, typically lasting about 3 to 4 months, after which nerve function gradually returns as new proteins are produced
. Besides cosmetic applications, Botox is also used medically to treat conditions involving muscle spasms, excessive sweating, migraines, and certain neurological disorders by similarly reducing unwanted muscle activity or nerve signaling
. In summary, Botox works by chemically interrupting nerve signals to muscles, causing temporary muscle relaxation that reduces wrinkles and treats various medical conditions involving muscle overactivity.
