A woman gets a urinary tract infection (UTI) primarily when bacteria enter her urinary tract and multiply, causing infection. The most common bacteria responsible is Escherichia coli (E. coli), which normally lives in the bowel and can spread from the anus to the urethra
. Several factors make women more susceptible to UTIs:
- Female anatomy: Women have a shorter urethra than men, so bacteria have a shorter distance to travel to reach the bladder. Also, the urethral opening is close to the anus and vagina, which are sources of bacteria
- Sexual activity: Sexual intercourse can move bacteria from the vaginal or anal area into the urethra. Having a new sexual partner or frequent sex increases risk
- Birth control methods: Use of diaphragms and spermicidal agents can increase UTI risk by irritating the vaginal area or altering the vaginal flora, making it easier for bacteria to grow
- Menopause: After menopause, lower estrogen levels cause changes in the urinary tract and vaginal tissues, reducing natural defenses against bacteria
- Other risk factors: These include pregnancy (hormonal changes and pressure on the bladder), diabetes (weakened immune system), urinary tract abnormalities or blockages, catheter use, and immune suppression
In summary, a woman typically gets a UTI when bacteria, especially E. coli from the bowel or genital area, enter the urethra and travel up to the bladder, facilitated by anatomical, behavioral, and physiological factors that increase bacterial access or reduce the body's defenses
