The roles filled by males in many species contribute to the survival of the species in several key ways:
- Genetic Quality Control: In bisexual species, males may act as a pre-zygotic filter of genetic defects, helping ensure healthier offspring by selecting mates and contributing genetic diversity
- Territorial Defense and Protection: Male animals often defend territories and protect females and offspring from rivals and predators. For example, male lions guard the pride's territory and protect cubs while females hunt, helping maintain the pride's stability and safety
- Competition and Sexual Selection: Male competition for mates can drive the evolution of good genes, where males with traits that allow them to survive despite handicaps (like large ornaments or strength) signal genetic fitness to females, enhancing offspring survival
- Resource Defense and Social Structure: In some species, males help secure resources or defend groups, which supports reproductive success and species survival. For instance, male lions defend the pride against other males, ensuring their lineage continues
- Trade-offs in Survival and Reproduction: Although males often face higher mortality due to competition and aggressive behaviors, these roles are crucial for reproductive success and maintaining population dynamics. In some species, males may have shorter lifespans due to these pressures, but their role in mating and territory defense is vital for species continuation
In summary, male roles such as genetic filtering, territorial defense, competition for mates, and protection of offspring increase the survival chances of the species by promoting healthy reproduction, protecting the group, and maintaining social and reproductive structures essential for population stability.
