Artichokes grow as perennial plants with large, serrated leaves that form tall stalks on which the edible flower buds develop. Here is how they grow and how to cultivate them:
- Planting : Artichokes can be grown from seed or young plants (transplants). Seeds are usually started indoors 2-3 months before planting outside, in warm conditions (around 70-80°F) with ample light and moisture. Transplants or divisions can be planted outdoors after the last frost in spring, spaced about 3-4 feet apart to allow room for growth
- Growth cycle : Artichokes are perennials in mild climates, dying back in autumn and re-sprouting in spring. In colder climates, they may be grown as annuals or require heavy mulching for winter protection. Plants grow large, up to 3-4 feet tall and wide, with deeply lobed leaves and a central stalk that produces the flower buds
- Soil and water : They prefer fertile, well-drained soil enriched with organic matter like compost. Consistent moisture is crucial; artichokes need regular deep watering to keep the soil moist but not soggy, especially during bud development. Mulching helps retain soil moisture and regulate temperature
- Sunlight and temperature : Artichokes thrive in full sun to partial shade, ideally with at least 4-5 hours of direct sunlight. They prefer moderate temperatures between 60-80°F. In hot climates, afternoon shade or shade cloth can prevent bitterness and premature flowering
- Fertilization : They are heavy feeders and benefit from regular fertilization with nitrogen-rich fertilizers and organic amendments to support vigorous growth and bud production
- Harvesting : The edible part is the immature flower bud, harvested before the bracts (petals) open. Cut the bud with a few inches of stalk attached. Each plant can yield 5-12 artichokes or more, with larger yields in subsequent years if grown as a perennial. After harvest, plants can be pruned to encourage a second crop in fall
- Maintenance : Older plants may decline in productivity and benefit from division every 4-5 years to rejuvenate growth. Protect young plants from pests such as slugs and aphids, though artichokes are generally pest-resistant
In summary, artichokes grow as large, perennial thistle-like plants producing edible flower buds on tall stalks. They require fertile soil, consistent moisture, full sun, and regular feeding. They can be started from seed indoors or planted as young plants outdoors after frost, with harvesting done before the buds open for best flavor and texture
