El Niño has a far-reaching effect on the climate around the tropical Pacific Ocean. It is characterized by a sustained warming of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, which disrupts normal weather patterns globally
. During El Niño events, the warmer waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific cause significant shifts in atmospheric circulation. The Pacific jet stream moves southward, leading to drier and warmer conditions in the northern U.S. and Canada, while the U.S. Gulf Coast and Southeast experience wetter conditions and increased flooding
. The warming also weakens the upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water along the Pacific coast of the Americas, impacting marine ecosystems and fisheries
. This warming phase alters tropical rainfall patterns, causing droughts in the western Pacific (such as Indonesia and Australia) and increased precipitation in the eastern Pacific regions, including parts of South and North America
. The effects of El Niño extend beyond the Pacific, influencing weather patterns worldwide, including colder winters in Northern Europe and droughts in Southeast Asia
. In summary, El Niño primarily affects the tropical Pacific Ocean but has global climatic impacts through atmospheric and oceanic teleconnections
