Anaphylaxis is caused by an overreaction of the body's immune system. Specifically, it involves the immune system's activation of mast cells and basophils, which release inflammatory mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and cytokines in response to an allergen or trigger
. This immune response leads to symptoms like airway constriction, blood vessel dilation, fluid leakage from blood vessels, and a sudden drop in blood pressure, which can cause shock
. The immune system components primarily involved are:
- Mast cells and basophils : These immune cells release chemicals that cause the symptoms of anaphylaxis.
- Immunoglobulin E (IgE) : In immunologic anaphylaxis, IgE antibodies bind to allergens and activate mast cells and basophils via the FcεRI receptor, triggering mediator release
- Other immune mediators : Cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 play roles in generating the allergic response
Additionally, recent research indicates that the nervous system also plays a role during anaphylaxis by interacting with immune cells, contributing to symptoms like a rapid drop in body temperature
. In summary, anaphylaxis is primarily caused by the immune system's hypersensitive reaction involving mast cells, basophils, and IgE antibodies, with contributions from inflammatory mediators and the nervous system
