Narcan (naloxone) works by competitively binding to opioid receptors in the brain, blocking the effects of opioid drugs. It both prevents opioids from activating these receptors and displaces opioids that are already bound, which reverses the opioid overdose effects such as respiratory depression. It acts quickly, often within 2-3 minutes when administered, and restores normal breathing to the person experiencing an overdose. Naloxone can be given as a nasal spray or injection and is considered safe to use even if opioids are not present in the system.
How Narcan Works
Narcan is an opioid antagonist, meaning it blocks opioid receptors without activating them. By outcompeting opioids at these receptor sites, it reverses the life-threatening effects of opioid overdose, particularly respiratory depression, which can lead to death.
Administration and Effectiveness
Narcan is commonly administered as a nasal spray or by injection, with the nasal spray being preferred for ease of use. It usually begins working within a few minutes to restore breathing. Multiple doses may be needed if potent opioids like fentanyl are involved, as the duration of Narcan's effect is shorter (30-90 minutes) than that of some opioids.
Safety and Usage
Narcan is safe to use and has little to no effect if opioids are not present. It can cause acute withdrawal symptoms in opioid-dependent individuals because it suddenly blocks opioid effects, but this risk is low compared to the danger of an overdose. Emergency medical help should always be called after giving Narcan.
